The Integration of Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV) into the Peruvian Naval Force: Toward a Multidimensional Paradigm of Naval Power in the 21st Century

Abstract

Maritime security has become a critical strategic component in the 21st century, driven by the rise of hybrid threats and growing global maritime interdependence. This article analyzes the multidimensional role of contemporary navies through the Peruvian case, focusing on the integration of Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) into the structure of the Peruvian Navy. It argues that OPVs, due to their versatility, autonomy, and low offensive profile, provide an effective response to strengthen State action at sea, project limited naval power, and conduct missions involving security, humanitarian assistance, and naval diplomacy. The analysis includes a conceptual review of naval power, maritime security, and naval diplomacy, as well as a comparative study of European and Latin American navies. Additionally, it identifies institutional and human challenges faced by the Peruvian Navy to fully integrate these capabilities. The article concludes that OPVs represent a key tool for consolidating a flexible, interoperable, and proactive naval force, one aligned with the State’s strategic interests and capable of playing a more active role in the international arena.