Revista de la Escuela Superior de Guerra Naval

Palabras del director

Kurt Böttger — 2025-06-18

En mi calidad de Director de la Escuela Superior de Guerra Naval, representa, por varias razones, un particular beneplácito poder prologar esta nueva edición de nuestra revista de divulgación académica.

Analysis for the strengthening of the National Maritime Policy of Peru through the implementation of the main Conventions of the International Maritime Organization ratified by the State

Kevin Carlos Ardaya Sandy — 2025-06-18

This paper addresses the implementation of the main international conventions ratified by Peru under the framework of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and examines their impact on the country's National Maritime Policy (NMP). Three key conventions are highlighted, through an analysis of the implementation mechanisms and their effects on Peruvian legislation, and it evaluates how these international agreements have contributed to improving safety, environmental sustainability and the training of maritime personnel in Peru. Recommendations are also proposed to strengthen the implementation of these conventions and advance the alignment of the NMP with international standards, in order to maximize the use of marine resources and improve the country's competitiveness in the global maritime arena.

Geopolítica del Perú y su perspectiva en el ámbito marítimo

Giancarlo Ferrer Carrasco — 2025-06-18

In the midst of the global geopolitical dispute of the great powers, and in a growing international environment of conflicts, world trade and its maritime lines of communication become a focus of permanent observation. In Peru, large projects in the maritime field, such as the development of port infrastructure and the promotion of the naval industry, have been generating high expectations about the impacts they may generate, especially in the economic aspect. However, these interests have resonance in the region and especially in Chile, a country whose oceanic vision leads to remaining competitive in the port sector and in maritime trade in the south Pacific. This article presents a brief review of Peru's geopolitical vision, focusing on the projection towards the Indo-Pacific and the effects that this can cause.

Strategic intelligence and its importance at the strategic level of decision-making

Jorge Montoya Ruibal — 2025-06-18

This work - paper analyzes the importance of strategic intelligence at the strategic decision level. Some concepts of the intelligence cycle and its use as a guide in the production of intelligence at the strategic level are shown, emphasizing how useful the direction and orientation of the search for information is; as well as the dissemination of information using unconventional forms, necessary today, in a world where the speed at which information is transmitted is critical to inform in time, and where the dynamics constantly change, so the decision maker who is not aware of important events in the national and international environment will not be able to mitigate the uncertainty, which clouds their decision-making capacity for efficient management. The importance of feedback from the client or user who receives the strategic intelligence product is also noted, which allows us to observe events in the world and our country with greater clarity and also design policies and strategies to anticipate threats and lead the country on an ambitious and safe course.

From the laboratory to the battlefield: Biotechnology as a strategic weapon against Bioterrorism in Peru

Joshelyn Paredes Zavala — 2025-06-18

Emerging threats such as bioterrorism, represent one of the greatest challenges to national security in the 21st century. In a context where dangerous pathogens can be intentionally released, the impact of a bioterrorist attack could be devastating to public health, the economy, and national stability. In Peru, preparation for these threats is crucial. With a country facing risks of natural outbreaks, as well as potential future conflicts that could include possible biological threats, it is vital to strengthen defense against these new forms of aggression, especially in a country like Peru, with limited economic resources and a public health infrastructure that still faces significant challenges.
Biotechnology plays an essential role in the detection and identification of biological threats. Thanks to advances in molecular and genetic sequencing techniques, it is possible to detect pathogens with high precision and speed, allowing biosecurity systems to act immediately. The ability to identify bioterrorist agents is the first step in containing these risks and developing strategic responses that include rapid diagnostic systems to protect the population. In addition to detection, biotechnology is essential for the containment and implementation of countermeasures against biological threats. Facing a possible bioterrorist attack requires a comprehensive response, where therapies, vaccines and specific immunization methods are developed for identified pathogens. These countermeasures allow not only to contain the spread, but also to neutralize possible attacks with a coordinated and precise public health response, thus reducing the impact on the population and the health system.
At a global level, institutions such as the United States' National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with its Science for Peace and Security program lead efforts to confront bioterrorism. The NBACC investigates bioterrorism agents and contributes to the development of forensic capabilities, while NATO and the World Health Organization (WHO) work on planning international responses, supporting countries in managing biological crises. INTERPOL also collaborates in the training of security forces and in the management of bioterrorist incidents, strengthening the global response to these threats.
For Peru, the development of biotechnology and biosecurity research capabilities is essential for a modern and effective national defense. The creation of a National Biotechnology Center in Peru, which could investigate both the risks and applications of biotechnology for national security and defense, could be a strategic step. Investing in high-security laboratories, training specialists and establishing response protocols would allow strengthening the country's protection against possible bioterrorist attacks and other biological risks. This proactive approach would not only strengthen security but would also position Peru as a benchmark in biosecurity in the region.
As a Biotechnology Engineer, my contribution to National Defense in this context is truly significant. This article will be a pioneer at the national level in addressing biotechnology as a strategy against bioterrorism. In an environment of increasing technological sophistication and complex threats, my work aims to strengthen the country's capacity to mitigate bioterrorism risks and protect both public health and national security. This article will thus mark a milestone in the integration of science into defense, establishing a reference model that could guide future policies and strengthen Peru's security against biological threats.

Key aspects to implementing a digital transformation process in the Armed Forces

Luis Real Figueroa — 2025-06-18

Technology is here to stay and organizations must adapt to its use and dynamism. This means that organizations must redesign themselves in order to implement a digital transformation process that contributes to the improvement of processes and optimization of resources. However, it is important to clarify that the use of technology is only a means, not an end, and that its use will only be effective if it can be implemented within organizations under a holistic approach through systemic thinking, which contemplates how fundamental basis the mental models of the people who are part of organizations. The armed forces are no exception, and also require adapting to new organizational approaches, which promote a cultural transformation that sustains the digital transformation process over time. Likewise, every transformation process requires the presence of leadership, which accompanies and guides organizations in the decision-making process, throughout the entire transformation journey, and in this way it is possible to involve and generate a commitment to the management of the change. This article describes what digital transformation is, the importance of implementation within the armed forces, as well as key aspects to implement a transformation process appropriately.

Tension situation in eastern Asia and its possible consequences between USA and China

Elvis Velasco Enríquez — 2025-06-18

This article will discuss the geopolitical strategies implemented by the world powers of the United States of America and China in the East Asian region, as well as the possible consequences for global hegemony that could be generated by the current situation of competition and tension in this region of the planet.

Paradigms of the naval mine war, a silent and lethal war

Marco Mujica Caballero — 2025-06-18

Naval warfare has undergone continuous evolution over the centuries, driven by technological advancements and tactical innovation. In this context, naval mine warfare is often perceived as a relic of the past and, in many cases, underestimated. Nevertheless, naval mines continue to play a relevant and current role in the naval domain, primarily for three reasons: their asymmetric lethality, combined with low cost and ease of deployment, which restricts the mobility of adversary naval forces; their considerable deterrent value, especially in littoral warfare scenarios and shallow waters; and their remarkable technological adaptability, which has enhanced their effectiveness and sophistication. In this context, their significance has increased substantially, challenging the notion that it is an obsolete area of naval warfare.